If you install pgAdmin in server mode, you will be prompted to provide a role name and pgAdmin password when you initially connect to pgAdmin. The first role registered with pgAdmin will be an administrative user; the administrative role can use the pgAdmin User Management dialog to create and manage additional.
Pgadmin3 Management and Administration Tools for the PostgreSQL Database pgAdmin III is an administration and management tool for the PostgreSQL database and derivative products such as EnterpriseDB, Mammoth PostgreSQL, Pervasive Postgres, and SRA PowerGres. It includes a graphical administration interface, an SQL query tool with graphical EXPLAIN, a procedural code editor, an SQL/shell/batch scheduling agent, Slony-I management, and much more. It is designed to answer the needs of most users, from writing simple SQL queries to developing complex databases. The graphical interface supports all PostgreSQL features and makes administration easy.
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10.1 / 9 November 2017; 51 days ago ( 2017-11-09) Written in (pgAdmin: ) Most operating systems and PostgreSQL License (, ) Website PostgreSQL License compatible Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Website PostgreSQL, often simply Postgres, is an (ORDBMS) with an emphasis on extensibility and standards compliance. As a database server, its primary functions are to store data securely and return that data in response to requests from other software applications. It can handle workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large (or for ) with many; on, PostgreSQL is the default database; and it is also available for and (supplied in most distributions). PostgreSQL is -compliant and. PostgreSQL has updatable and,; supports functions and stored procedures, and other expandability.
PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group, a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors. It is, released under the terms of the PostgreSQL License, a. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Name [ ] PostgreSQL's developers pronounce PostgreSQL as. It is abbreviated as Postgres because of ubiquitous support for (at least version of) the standard among most relational databases. PostgreSQL implements features of old and up to versions.
Originally named POSTGRES, the name (Post ) refers to the project's origins in that database which was developed. The community considered changing the name back to Postgres; however, the PostgreSQL Core Team announced in 2007 that the product would continue to use the name PostgreSQL. History [ ] PostgreSQL evolved from the project at the University of California, Berkeley.
In 1982, the leader of the Ingres team, left Berkeley to make a proprietary version of Ingres. He returned to Berkeley in 1985, and started a post-Ingres project to address the problems with contemporary database systems that had become increasingly clear during the early 1980s. The new project, POSTGRES, aimed to add the fewest features needed to completely support. These features included the ability to define types and to fully describe relationships – something used widely before but maintained entirely by the user. In POSTGRES, the database 'understood' relationships, and could retrieve information in related tables in a natural way using rules. POSTGRES used many of the ideas of Ingres, but not its code.
Rules Greek Card Game Xerium more. Starting in 1986, the POSTGRES team published a number of papers describing the basis of the system, and by 1987 had a prototype version shown at the 1988. The team released version 1 to a small number of users in June 1989, then version 2 with a re-written rules system in June 1990. Version 3, released in 1991, again re-wrote the rules system, and added support for multiple [ ] and an improved query engine. By 1993, the great number of users began to overwhelm the project with requests for support and features. After releasing version 4.2 on June 30, 1994 – primarily a cleanup – the project ended.
Berkeley had released POSTGRES under an, which enabled other developers to use the code for any use. At the time, POSTGRES used an Ingres-influenced interpreter, which could be interactively used with a named monitor. In 1994, Berkeley graduate students Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen replaced the POSTQUEL query language interpreter with one for the SQL query language, creating Postgres95. The front-end program monitor was also replaced by psql. Yu and Chen announced the first version (0.01) to on May 5, 1995. Version 1.0 of Postgres95 was announced on September 5, 1995, with a more liberal license that enabled the software to be freely modifiable for any purpose.
On July 8, 1996, Marc Fournier at Hub.org Networking Services provided the first non-university development server for the open-source development effort. With the participation of Bruce Momjian and Vadim B. Mikheev, work began to stabilize the code inherited from Berkeley. In 1996, the project was renamed to PostgreSQL to reflect its support for SQL. The online presence at the website PostgreSQL.org began on October 22, 1996.
The first PostgreSQL release formed version 6.0 on January 29, 1997. Since then a group of developers and volunteers around the world have maintained the software as The PostgreSQL Global Development Group.
The PostgreSQL project continues to make major releases (approximately annually) and minor 'bugfix' releases, all available under its PostgreSQL License. Code comes from contributions from proprietary vendors, support companies, and open-source programmers at large. Development [ ] PostgreSQL does not have a bug tracker (while it 'has a bug-submission form that feeds into the pgsql-bugs '), making it quite difficult to know the status of bugs.
Multiversion concurrency control (MVCC) [ ] PostgreSQL manages through a system known as (MVCC), which gives each transaction a 'snapshot' of the database, allowing changes to be made without being visible to other transactions until the changes are committed. This largely eliminates the need for read locks, and ensures the database maintains the (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) principles in an efficient manner. PostgreSQL offers three levels of: Read Committed, Repeatable Read and Serializable. Because PostgreSQL is immune to dirty reads, requesting a Read Uncommitted transaction isolation level provides read committed instead. PostgreSQL supports full via the (SSI) technique. Storage and replication [ ] Replication [ ] PostgreSQL includes built-in binary replication based on shipping the changes () to replica nodes asynchronously, with the ability to run read-only queries against these replicated nodes. This allows splitting read traffic among multiple nodes efficiently.
Earlier replication software that allowed similar read scaling normally relied on adding replication triggers to the master, introducing additional load onto it. PostgreSQL also includes built-in synchronous replication that ensures that, for each write transaction, the master waits until at least one replica node has written the data to its transaction log. Unlike other database systems, the durability of a transaction (whether it is asynchronous or synchronous) can be specified per-database, per-user, per-session or even per-transaction. This can be useful for work loads that do not require such guarantees, and may not be wanted for all data as it will have some negative effect on performance due to the requirement of the confirmation of the transaction reaching the synchronous standby. There can be a mixture of synchronous and asynchronous standby servers. A list of synchronous standby servers can be specified in the configuration which determines which servers are candidates for synchronous replication.
The first in the list which is currently connected and actively streaming is the one that will be used as the current synchronous server. When this fails, it falls to the next in line. Synchronous is currently not included in the PostgreSQL core. Postgres-XC which is based on PostgreSQL provides scalable synchronous multi-master replication, available in version 1.2.1 (April 2015 version) is licensed under the same license as PostgreSQL.
A similar project is called. Postgres-R is yet another older. Bi-directional replication (BDR) is an asynchronous multi-master replication system for PostgreSQL. The community has also written some tools to make managing replication clusters easier, such as repmgr. There are also several asynchronous trigger-based replication packages for PostgreSQL. These remain useful even after introduction of the expanded core capabilities, for situations where binary replication of an entire database cluster is not the appropriate approach: • • Londiste, part of SkyTools (developed by ) • Bucardo multi-master replication (developed by ) • multi-master, multi-tier replication Indexes [ ] PostgreSQL includes built-in support for regular and indexes, and four index access methods: generalized search trees (), generalized (GIN), Space-Partitioned GiST (SP-GiST) and (BRIN). Hash indexes are implemented, but discouraged because they cannot be recovered after a crash or power loss, although this will no longer be the case from version 10.
In addition, user-defined index methods can be created, although this is quite an involved process. Indexes in PostgreSQL also support the following features: • can be created with an index of the result of an expression or function, instead of simply the value of a column. •, which only index part of a table, can be created by adding a WHERE clause to the end of the CREATE INDEX statement. This allows a smaller index to be created. • The planner is capable of using multiple indexes together to satisfy complex queries, using temporary in-memory operations (useful in applications for joining a large to smaller such as those arranged in a ). • indexing (also referred to KNN-GiST ) provides efficient searching of 'closest values' to that specified, useful to finding similar words, or close objects or locations with data.
This is achieved without exhaustive matching of values. • In PostgreSQL 9.2 and later, index-only scans often allow the system to fetch data from indexes without ever having to access the main table. • PostgreSQL 9.5 introduced (BRIN). Schemas [ ] In PostgreSQL, a holds all objects (with the exception of roles and tablespaces). Schemas effectively act like namespaces, allowing objects of the same name to co-exist in the same database. By default, newly created databases have a schema called 'public', but any additional schemas can be added, and the public schema isn't mandatory.
A 'search_path' setting determines the order in which PostgreSQL checks schemas for unqualified objects (those without a prefixed schema). By default, it is set to '$user, public' ($user refers to the currently connected database user). This default can be set on a database or role level, but as it is a session parameter, it can be freely changed (even multiple times) during a client session, affecting that session only.
Non-existent schemas listed in search_path are silently skipped during objects lookup. New objects are created in whichever valid schema (one that presently exists) appears first in the search_path.Schema is a outline of database. See also: Open source front-ends and tools for administering PostgreSQL include: psql The primary for PostgreSQL is the psql, which can be used to enter SQL queries directly, or execute them from a file. In addition, psql provides a number of meta-commands and various shell-like features to facilitate writing scripts and automating a wide variety of tasks; for example tab completion of object names and SQL syntax. PgAdmin The pgAdmin package is a free and open source administration tool for PostgreSQL, which is supported on many computer platforms. The program is available in more than a dozen languages.
The first prototype, named pgManager, was written for PostgreSQL 6.3.2 from 1998, and rewritten and released as pgAdmin under the GNU General Public License (GPL) in later months. The second incarnation (named pgAdmin II) was a complete rewrite, first released on January 16, 2002.
The third version, pgAdmin III, was originally released under the and then released under the same license as PostgreSQL. Unlike prior versions that were written in, pgAdmin III is written in C++, using the framework allowing it to run on most common operating systems. The query tool includes a scripting language called pgScript for supporting admin and development tasks. In December 2014, Dave Page, the pgAdmin project founder and primary developer, announced that with the shift towards web-based models work has started on pgAdmin 4 with the aim of facilitating Cloud deployments. In 2016, pgAdmin 4 was released. PhpPgAdmin phpPgAdmin is a web-based administration tool for PostgreSQL written in PHP and based on the popular interface originally written for administration. PostgreSQL Studio PostgreSQL Studio allows users to perform essential PostgreSQL database development tasks from a web-based console.
PostgreSQL Studio allows users to work with cloud databases without the need to open firewalls. TeamPostgreSQL AJAX/JavaScript-driven web interface for PostgreSQL. Allows browsing, maintaining and creating data and database objects via a web browser. The interface offers tabbed SQL editor with auto-completion, row-editing widgets, click-through foreign key navigation between rows and tables, 'favorites' management for commonly used scripts, among other features.
Supports SSH for both the web interface and the. Installers are available for Windows, Mac and Linux, as well as a simple cross-platform archive that runs from a script. LibreOffice/OpenOffice.org Base / can be used as a front-end for PostgreSQL.
PgBadger The pgBadger PostgreSQL log analyzer generates detailed reports from a PostgreSQL log file. PgDevOps pgDevOps is a suite of web tools to install & manage multiple PostgreSQL versions, extensions, and community components, develop SQL queries, monitor running databases and find performance problems. A number of companies offer proprietary tools for PostgreSQL. They often consist of a universal core that is adapted for various specific database products.
These tools mostly share the administration features with the open source tools but offer improvements in, importing, exporting or reporting. Install Root Enumerated Driver Live Suite 9. Prominent users [ ] Prominent organizations and products that use PostgreSQL as the primary database include: • In 2009, the social-networking website used 's nCluster database for data warehousing, which was built on unmodified PostgreSQL. • uses PostgreSQL for their main genealogy database. •, a collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world. •, domain registries for, and others. • multiplayer online games. •, shopping platform for their agribusiness portal.
• social news website. • VoIP application, central databases. •, Sun's virtualization and datacenter automation suite.
•, open online music encyclopedia. • The – for collecting telemetry data in orbit and replicating it to the ground. • social-networking site.
•, a mobile photo-sharing service. •, an online discussion and commenting service. •, travel-information website of mostly user-generated content. •, a Russian internet company switched from Oracle to Postgres for its email offering. •, a columnar system based on 's Postgres modifications.
• 's, Interactive Forecast Preparation System (IFPS), a system that integrates data from the, surface, and systems to build detailed localized forecast models. • 's national weather service, has started swapping Oracle for PostgreSQL in a strategy to deploy more open source technology. • had been using Oracle [ ] and, but when it came to moving its core directories in-house, it turned to PostgreSQL. Because WhitePages.com needs to combine large sets of data from multiple sources, PostgreSQL’s ability to load and index data at an extremely high rate was a key to its decision to use PostgreSQL. •, a flight tracking website. Service implementations [ ] Some notable vendors offer PostgreSQL as: •, a provider, has supported PostgreSQL since the start in 2007. They offer value-add features like full database 'roll-back' (ability to restore a database from any point in time), which is based on WAL-E, open-source software developed by Heroku.
• In January 2012, released a cloud version of both PostgreSQL and their own proprietary Postgres Plus Advanced Server with automated provisioning for failover, replication, load-balancing, and scaling. • has offered vFabric Postgres (also known as vPostgres ) for private clouds on since May 2012. • In November 2013, announced the addition of PostgreSQL to their offering. • In November 2016, announced the addition of PostgreSQL compatibility to their cloud-native Amazon Aurora managed database offering. • Obe, Regina; Hsu, Leo (July 8, 2012).... • Krosing, Hannu; Roybal, Kirk (June 15, 2013). (second ed.)...
• Riggs, Simon; Krosing, Hannu (October 27, 2010). (second ed.)... • Smith, Greg (October 15, 2010).... • Gilmore, W. Jason; Treat, Robert (February 27, 2006)... • Douglas, Korry (August 5, 2005). (second ed.)..
• Matthew, Neil; Stones, Richard (April 6, 2005). (second ed.).. • Worsley, John C; Drake, Joshua D (January 2002)... External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: • • • at Curlie (based on ).